Twenty-eighth Sunday of Ordinary Time (A)

 

Twenty-eighth Sunday of Ordinary Time (A) [Mt 22:1-14]

11.10.2026

The Parable of the Wedding Banquet

Readings: (1) Is 25:6-10 (2) Phil 4:12-14.19-20

1.    Theme in brief

God’s invitation and our refusal

2.    Focus Statement

God always invites us to experience the joy of his banquet of love and salvation (called “the Kingdom of God or Kingdom of Heaven), but we refuse his invitation by making excuses and giving priority to worldly concerns.

3.    Explanation of the text

In this Parable of the Wedding Banquet, we can very well imagine that the king who gives a banquet is God the Father, the son for whose wedding the banquet is prepared is Jesus Christ and the banquet is the Kingdom of God to which Jesus came to invite people. Israel was first invited to the Kingdom, but when the Kingdom appeared in and through Jesus, she refused to accept it.

There are three parts in this parable as far as invitation to the banquet is concerned:

(1) The sending of his servants by the king twice to call the invited guests (22:3-4): The first group of servants refers to the prophets sent by God to Israel whose invitation to repent was refused by the Israelites (22:3). The second group of servants, who met with not only indifference but also were murdered, refers to John the Baptist and Jesus himself, both of whom were murdered (22:6).

(2) The third attempt of the king to call everyone from the streets (22:9): It refers to Jesus’ ministry to the outcasts of Jewish society and later the early Church’s outreach to the Gentiles. Since Israel refused invitation to the Kingdom, all kinds of people, both good and bad were invited, including tax-collectors, prostitutes and Gentiles.

(3) The king’s inspection regarding the fitness of guests (22:11): It refers to the new way of life to be lived by sinners who were invited to the wedding feast of the Kingdom of God. They should have worn ‘wedding robes’ that symbolize their repentance and conversion (22:12). Failure to come to wedding hall without proper dress was a sign that their response was half-hearted.

When everything for the wedding feast was ready, the king sent his servants with these words, “Come to the marriage feast” (22:4). They had to either accept or refuse the invitation immediately. This indicates the urgency of response to Jesus’ invitation to become a citizen of God’s Kingdom and live according to its demands. There are two types of people who deliberately refused the invitation: (1) the careless ones who were engrossed in their work and business (22:5); and (2) the violent ones who seized, mistreated and killed the servants sent by the king to invite them (22:6). The former made light of such a loving invitation (22:5) which showed their lack of seriousness. They were careless about their duty or responsibility to attend.

By their refusal to accept the invitation, they deliberately insulted the host (that is, the king in this story) who took so much trouble to arrange such a sumptuous banquet out of his generosity. If not a single invited guest would have attended such a great banquet, what a shame the king would have to face. Indeed, it was an act of open rebellion against the king by his invitees. The king had no way of saving his honour but by gathering anybody on the road to be his guests.

The king’s order to gather all whom they found, both good and bad (22:10), indicates Jesus' own mission to sinners and the Gentiles. It tells us that in God’s Kingdom there is a mixture of good and bad people or virtuous and sinners. It may also indicate the mixture of both Jews and Gentiles in the Church. Anyone is welcome to the banquet, but once they have accepted the invitation, they are supposed to wear the proper dress, namely repent and change their life-style. If they become complacent and fail to persevere in their new life, they will be thrown out of the wedding hall or the Kingdom (22:13).

4.    Application to life                     

In this parable, Jesus likens God’s invitation to enter God’s Kingdom to the messianic banquet in OT terms (Isaiah 25:6-10). What he means in plain language is that God always invites us to live a life of love, sharing, service, fellowship and justice, and experience his salvation. The joy of living this type of life and the offer of salvation made by God through Jesus is compared to the taste of a wedding banquet in this parable. The invitation sent first to invited guests and later to everyone found on the main streets (22:3,9-10) is a free act of magnanimity or benevolence from the part of the king. Even today, God continues to send invitation card to us out of his magnanimity, though we are not his ‘close relatives’, that is, in spite of being sinners and not in close union with him.

God’s invitation to experience the joy of salvation or grace is a free gift. It is up to us to accept it or refuse. It is also an invitation to love selflessly, to serve willingly, to make sacrifices joyfully, to care for the uncared for, to forgive without conditions, to show mercy towards the suffering, etc. These are the ways in which we co-operate with God to establish his Kingdom on earth. But often we knowingly and wilfully, stubbornly and obstinately refuse to accept God’s invitation either by making excuses or by our indifference. We become deaf to God’s invitation to love and refuse to cooperate with his grace. Why? First reason is clear from today’s parable: our engrossment in worldly affairs, such as our business, work, and cares of life. Though work and business are important for life, we should not allow them to be our gods whom we worship. This happens when we give first priority to worldly concerns, as if work were the only purpose of life. In that case, the Kingdom of God receives very low place in our list of priorities.

Other reasons for our refusal of God’s invitation are our unwillingness to sacrifice our self-interests, indifference towards the poor and the needy, carelessness in spiritual matters, over attachment to wealth, possessions, etc. Then in order to justify our action and behaviour, we add ‘ifs’ and ‘buts’ such as, “I would have done it, if not…” or we postpone the opportunities for service and self-sacrifice by saying: “Let’s see later on!” That shows that we do not feel the urgency of serving the needy as demanded by the king in today’s parable. See the way some of the invitees treated the servants sent by the king. They not only refused to go for wedding feast but also violently seized, mistreated and killed the servants (22:6). We too mistreat Jesus and murder his values by living a life contrary to our call or faith. Sometimes we mistreat the messengers through whom God invites us to live by his standards such as our parents and spiritual guides. We oppose, criticize and make fun of them or show a “don’t care” attitude. We lack seriousness in our Christian commitments and make light of our spiritual and social duties or responsibilities. Thus our response to God’s invitation to relish his ‘wedding feast’ remains half-hearted and cold.

Excuses get multiplied when some people get into addictive habits, such as substance abuse (alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.) or behavioural addiction (mobile phone, internet, sex addiction, etc.). Normally, such people make a number of excuses to cover up their bad behaviour or to protect themselves from those who want to snatch away that substance or object (such as drug, alcohol and internet) on which they are physically and psychologically dependent. The same thing is true of those who allow themselves to be driven by lust, over-anxiety, excessive worries and fears, depression and tensions. They too get addicted to these issues. It is to such people God always sends his invitation to admit their powerlessness to change their condition and surrender their lives into his hands without making excuses, and allow him to take them where he wants and give them what he wills. Once a person gets addicted to anything, he/she makes so many excuses to cover up his/her problem and protect oneself from the pain of giving up such a habit or from the inability to give it up.

What a wonderful opportunity those invitees got, but missed it and suffered irreversible loss. Hence, it is good to examine the excuses we make or reasons we give to avoid involvement in building up a loving and just society. The same thing applies to the excuses we make for not giving up our bad habits or deep-rooted disorders mentioned above. We need God’s light to see whether they are genuine. Quite often they may signify our unwillingness to make sacrifices and live our Christian faith in a committed manner. We must examine whether we remain as Christians for the sake of social identity or interest only in our personal salvation without any concern for our community or society. Let us also examine the excuses we make in various areas of life:  to give some time for our spiritual duties; to forgive those who have hurt us; to render an occasional service which has no reward; to sacrifice our time and resources for the good of others; to give time for family and children; to live honestly; not to pardon those who have offended us; etc.

Though God invites the good and the bad, those who respond to his invitation must put on the wedding garment of repentance and good deeds. They have to become worthy of becoming God’s guests by proper moral and spiritual response. Just as the invitees in this parable did to the king, sometimes professing Christians insult God not only by refusing his loving invitation, but also by not wearing the wedding robe, that is, by not living what they profess. They become so complacent that they take their new life for granted and fail to persevere in it. They should realize, though invited, they will not be saved automatically. They need to change their former filthy clothes and put on new garment, which implies a change of life.

5.    Response to God's Word

Considering the magnanimity of God towards sinners like us, what is our response? How often do we refuse God’s free offer of salvation and grace? What are the excuses we make to avoid our involvement in social service or charitable works? In what way we show indifference to our duty to build up a loving and just society? If we refuse God’s invitation again and again, is it not a sign of our hard-heartedness from our part? Do we get engrossed in worldly affairs, such as our business and work to the extent of neglecting our spiritual duties and giving time to our families? Do we mistreat Jesus and murder his values by living a life contrary to what we profess in faith? Are we wearing the wedding robe by living a life of grace and practicing what we profess, or by living a life of honesty, justice and truth?

6.    A prayer

O benevolent God, you always invite us to live a life of love and experience your free gift of salvation. We are so sorry for the times we refused your invitation wilfully and deliberately. Forgive us for our lame excuses, obstinacy and hard-heartedness. Grant that we may give first priority to build up communities of love, peace and justice and not to our worldly concerns. May we be found worthy to stand before you clothed in the garment of your grace by living what we profess. Amen.

 

Twenty-seventh Sunday of Ordinary Time (A)

 

Twenty-seventh Sunday of Ordinary Time (A) [Mt 21:33-43]

04.10.2026

The Parable of the Wicked Tenants

Readings: (1) Is 5:1-7 (2) Phil 4:6-9

1.    Theme in brief

God’s goodness versus human wickedness

2.    Focus Statement  

    In spite of our sinfulness and ingratitude, God is so good, generous and patient with us that he gives us plenty of opportunities to repent and change by sending his messengers.

3.    Explanation of the text

The whole of salvation history is summarized in today’s Parable of the Wicked Tenants. It deals with God’s boundless goodness and benevolence towards humans in contrast with their wickedness or sinfulness. The Bible as a whole depicts God as a zealous lover who loves his beloved (that is, human beings) with an exclusive love. But human beings, quite often fail to respond to his love and break off their relationship with him by sinning. To save them, he visualizes a grand plan. He executes this plan by choosing a community (people), namely Israel and reveals to her his plan. When Israel becomes unfaithful, he sends prophets to bring her back to himself. But Israel rejects prophets, sometimes even by stoning and killing some of them. Finally, when the appointed time comes, God sends his only Son (Jesus), and through his Passion, death and resurrection saves sinful humans. Today’s parable highlights this wonderful love-story of God filled with his boundless love, generosity, patience and large-heartedness or benevolence for his beloved.

A parable in the strict sense is not supposed to have a word for word hidden meaning. But this one, like some other parables, breaks that rule and is converted into an allegory by the evangelist. According to this allegory vineyard is Israel; God is the owner of the vineyard; tenants to whom he leases his vineyard are the religious leaders of Israel, that is, the priests, the Pharisees and the elders (21:33); the successive emissaries (slaves) sent by the absentee landowner are the prophets sent to Israel by God, some of whom were stoned or murdered by them (21:34-36); and the son of the landowner is God’s own Son (Christ). The owner thinks that they will respect his son better than previous slaves (21:37). Instead, they seize and kill him outside the vineyard (21:39) – surely a reference to the crucifixion of Jesus outside the city of Jerusalem. Thus, the murderous behaviour of religious leaders of Israel reaches its culmination when they crucify Jesus, the greatest prophet of the New Age.  

This parable has its background in the OT. In the Book of Isaiah (5:1-7), Israel is called a vineyard and its owner is the Lord of hosts. He did everything possible to nurture this vineyard. He established an everlasting covenant with her, delivered her from Egyptian slavery, led her through the desert and gave her the Promised Land. But Israel failed to discharge her duties faithfully as the chosen people of God and rejected God’s servants (that is, the prophets) who were sent to lead her to God’s ways. Now she is rejecting God’s Son (Jesus) also. The other tenants to whom the owner leases the vineyard after cancelling the lease of former tenants (21:41) are the Gentiles who accept the gospel rejected by Israel. Hence, this parable probably hints that now the Church has become the new Israel and is full of new tenants (that is, Gentile Christians). Since the leadership of Old Israel failed to produce good fruits, it was now handed over to the New Israel (that is, the Church) which is already producing fruits of so many Gentile Christians.

By highlighting the fact that the landowner’s benevolence towards his enemies goes beyond limits, this parable emphasizes God’s tremendous patience and kindness towards sinners. No earthly landowner would dare to send one’s own son after meeting such acts of treachery from his tenants; instead he would retaliate strongly against those murderers. From the world’s point of view, was it not an act of utter foolishness? Did he not make a mistake in believing that they would respect at least his son? Yes, he did; but in God’s way of thinking, it is not a mistake. It is the tenants (who are now likened to builders) who committed the greatest blunder by rejecting the cornerstone while constructing their building and suffered for it by losing their lease to the better accountable tenants (21:41-42).

4.    Application to life                      

As we have noted above, today’s Parable of the Wicked Tenants highlights the central theme of the whole Bible – God’s boundless love and generous mercy towards sinners. When we reflect on this central theme of the Bible, we come to know that there are common elements in God’s boundless love and mercy in the history of our salvation and our personal life-history. We can imagine how God has chosen us and loved us boundlessly from the first moment of conception and birth till today through so many people beginning with our parents. Each person who loved (loves) us and each event in our life (sweet or sour) proclaims God’s wonderful love and benevolence towards us. Like the chosen people (Israel), he chose our ancestors also to Christian faith, not because they were better than others or more worthy, but out of sheer love. Quite often he chooses the unworthy and the little ones and not the powerful ones.

If God has been so good and generous towards us, how are we responding to his goodness and mercy? Like Israelites, we too often reject God’s love. We too just murder the precious values of God’s Kingdom – love, peace and justice – like the tenants who murdered the slaves and the landowner’s son. Instead of producing sweet fruits of love of God and neighbour, we produce bitter or sour fruits by sinning against both. God gives us so many opportunities for repentance by sending his messengers like preachers, counsellors, teachers, trustworthy friends, spiritual leaders, guiding parents and supportive spouses. But we oppose them, try to suppress their voice and sometimes even react violently. Thus, we become unworthy of the trust placed by God in our hands. Let us examine and see how we have ‘stoned’ and ‘killed’ the prophets sent by God, not literally, but by disobeying, disregarding and discarding their good advice, direction and guidance. Sometimes we have ‘killed’ them with our heart-piercing words, that is, harsh and destructive criticism. If we think that we are self-sufficient and are not in need of any guidance and spiritual direction, the Kingdom of God may be taken away from us (21:43). We may lose it by losing our character or virtues.

Israel’s election as a holy people involved a responsibility to be a light for all other people. But she was unfaithful to her call and produced wild grapes instead of sweet grapes by worshipping idols and committing other sins against God’s commandments given through Moses. The same thing can be said about the new Israel, the Church. If we notice divisions, group conflicts, scandals, corruption, power-mongering in the Church or in our local Christian community, we can conclude that they are the symptoms of wild and bitter grapes in the Church. In spite of being Christ’s disciples, if we are totally immersed in the corrupt practices of the world and give bad example to people of other faiths by living a life contrary to the gospel-values, we produce sour grapes. If this is the case, today’s gospel invites us to repent for the times we have become like those unfaithful and rebellious tenants. This is a call to be converted from the state of being called “murderous and wretched tenants” and produce fruits of the Kingdom (21:43).

When we reflect on God’s benevolence towards sinners like us, we come to realize how wicked we become by refusing his love so often!  We can compare this type of ingratitude with experiences of being let down or betrayed by our own people for whom we did or do so much, such as our children, relatives, friends, colleagues and close neighbours. These bitter experiences make us imagine how much disappointed God must be feeling when we are unfaithful to him. In spite of our wickedness and ingratitude, God is so good, generous and patient with us that even today and right now he offers us plenty of opportunities to abandon our wickedness, repent and change. He has loved us to the extent of allowing his Son to die a criminal’s death on the cross. Compared to that benevolence, what is or response?

Each one of us should think that this parable in today’s context is not about the Jews but about us. We are the tenants of God’s ‘vineyard,’ that is, his Kingdom. God has made us partners in his great enterprise or project for this world, that is, his Kingdom. We are like his stewards to whom he has entrusted the care for his ‘vineyard.’ He expects to see good fruits in it. He has a right to expect good fruits because he has done so much for us. This is a great privilege, which entails great responsibilities. The question we must ask is whether we are producing good fruits for God’s Kingdom. As this parable says, we quite often think God has gone to “another country” (21:33). We play the role of rats in the absence of cat. We misuse our freedom in the absence of God. But God wants to make us accountable to the duties and responsibilities entrusted to us. Yes, we are accountable to God for the care of our families, for mending our troubled relationships and reforming of our unforgiving attitudes. All these things require a great deal of patience, just as God is so patient with us. As mentioned in this parable, he wants to collect his produce (21:34), that is, fruits of genuine love gathered by overcoming selfishness, doing pro-active service, and working for justice and fellowship among us. This is what is meant by building up his Kingdom by making use of the Cornerstone or Keystone who is Christ himself. In other words, yielding fruits means submitting ourselves to God’s loving rule and living the gospel-values. It also involves bearing fruits of repentance for our failures to live the gospel way. Let us examine ourselves and see how we ‘murder’ the values of the Kingdom like genuine love and concern in our families, truthfulness in our society and justice in our dealings.

If we extend the application of this parable further, we can consider our family, community or society, institution, organization and the Church as our ‘vineyard’ which God has entrusted to our care. Instead of yielding sweet fruits in God’s ‘vineyard’ by behaving with a sense of responsibility and accountability, we are tempted to manage it for our personal advantage or benefits. There is a tremendous pressure or a silent war going on inside our hearts to succumb to the temptation of using the leadership and management roles entrusted to us in the family, the Church and the society to lord it over by becoming authoritarian, to always expect to be served and not to serve, to earn a name and fame for ourselves, to erect monuments that perpetuate our memory, to further our own hidden agenda, to enhance our power and position, to amass wealth for ourselves by misappropriating public or church funds, etc. We must understand that we are ultimately accountable to God for the misuse or mismanagement of the ‘vineyard’ entrusted to us. Today’s gospel invites us to examine whether we have succumbed to these temptations and behave in an irresponsible manner. If yes, we need to realize that ultimately we are accountable to God himself.

Even if we have occasionally succumbed to these tests, God, being God, is infinitely patient and merciful towards us. He gives us so many opportunities for repentance by sending his messengers like preachers, counsellors, trustworthy friends, guiding parents and supportive spouses (vv. 34, 36). But we oppose them, criticize them, try to suppress their voice and sometimes even react violently. Thus, we become unworthy of the trust placed by God in our hands. Will he not take away the Kingdom from us and give it to others who produce better fruits (21:43)?

5.    Response to God's Word

Let us praise and thank God for doing wonderful deeds for each one of us personally and to our community by calling us to Christian faith. Do we make use of so many opportunities given by God for repentance by sending his messengers like parents, spiritual leaders and trustworthy friends? Do we listen to them or try to suppress their voice? Like Israelites, do we too often reject God’s love instead of responding generously to his mercy? How are our fruits: sweet or sour? Do we ‘murder’ the values of the Kingdom like genuine love and concern in our families, truthfulness in our society and justice in our dealings? Are we accountable and responsible in our stewardship, or have mismanaged the ‘vineyard’ entrusted to our care?

6.    A prayer.

O boundlessly generous and patient God, what thanks can we render to you for the wonderful opportunities and messengers you provide us again and again to change our ways. Grant that we may respond generously to your infinite mercy towards us. We regret for the times we mismanaged the vineyard you entrusted to our care. Make us more responsible and accountable citizens of your Kingdom. Amen.

Twenty-sixth Sunday of Ordinary Time (A)

 Twenty-sixth Sunday of Ordinary Time (A) [Mt 21:28-32]

27.09.2026

The Parable of the Two Sons

Readings: (1) Ez 18:25-28 (2) Phil 2:1-11

1.  Theme in brief

Change of mind from ‘no’ to ‘yes’

2.  Focus Statement  

Even the worst sinners, in spite of their obstinate persistence in sins, and frequent refusal to God’s grace in the past, can change their minds and become good persons.

3.   Explanation of the text

This Parable of the Two Sons proclaims God’s mercy to sinners and justifies Jesus’ own ministry of forgiving and accepting them. Addressed to the chief priests and elders of Israel (21:23), this parable exposes their guilt. Among the two sons mentioned in the parable, one responded negatively, one positively. The first son changed from bad to good, but the second one did not change at all! Jesus likened the second son to the religious leaders of Israel (chief priests, scribes, Pharisees and the elders) who originally agreed to the terms of God’s covenant with them but were rejecting it now. They had said ‘yes’ to God initially as his chosen people (21:30), but said ’no’ to not only John the Baptist’s call for conversion or a change of heart but also to Jesus’ call. They knew the way of God very well, because they had the revelation of God and the Law of Moses. But they never felt the desire or need for a change, since they thought they were already righteous. Saying ‘no’ to Jesus was equal to saying ‘no’ to God with all the obstinacy or stubbornness.

The first son was like the outcasts of Jewish society, namely the tax-collectors and prostitutes; because they accepted “the way of righteousness” (21:32) preached by John the Baptist. Initially they said ‘no’ to  God’s command (represented by the father in this story, 21:29) and were disobedient to the Law by living sinful lives, but later obeyed God by changing their mind (that is, by repenting and reforming their lives, 22:29). Thus, the so-called outcasts who were despised by the religious leaders believed and repented (21:32), while the latter (the “religious-minded" people) did not. The latter turned out to be faithless, and the outcasts faithful, though sinful. Therefore, Jesus makes a shocking and highly bold statement that the tax collectors and prostitutes who admit their sins and need for repentance will enter into God’s Kingdom ahead of the self-righteous Pharisees who think they have no need of repentance (21:31). Later in Matthew’s Church the Gentile Christians were considered as faithful in contrast to the faithless chosen people (Israelites), as the vast majority of them rejected Jesus’ message.

After witnessing the conversion of tax-collectors and prostitutes, the religious leaders should have been better motivated to accept their need of reform or change. Even after seeing it, they obstinately refused to repent and be converted (21:32), because they thought they were ‘religious.’ But their religiosity meant considering themselves righteous (hence needing no repentance) and despising sinners as outcasts.

Some commentators say, since this parable speaks about two sons whom the father asked to work in the vineyard, it has a connection with Isaiah 5:1-7. In that passage, Israel is compared with God’s vineyard. God did all he could for Israel such as planting and nurturing, but instead of sweet grapes, it produced wild grapes that were good for nothing. The reason was that his people promised to obey him and gave the impression of belonging to him, but miserably failed to produce what God expected. Some others point out that this parable is related to the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Lk 15:11-32). Here, the Prodigal Son is like the first son who said ‘no’ to his father initially, but later repented for his disobedience and unfaithfulness. The elder son is like the second son who said ‘yes’ to his father, but was so self-righteous that he thought he needed no repentance and his younger brother needed punishment.

4.  Application to life

Like the father of this parable, God the Father assigns each one of us to work in his ‘vineyard,’ that is, his Kingdom. The second son, who says, "I go," makes a promise but never fulfils it.  His deeds contradict his words. He is guilty of both disobedience and deception. He represents those who profess their faith in Christ, but deny him in their deeds. They appear to be pious and religious-minded on the surface level by their regular attendance at religious services or worship but their deeds do not match with their words, or they do not practise what they profess. Saying ‘yes’ to God’s will with our lips is not enough; we have to persevere in doing God’s will till the end of our lives.

There is a lot difference between our saying and doing: Sometimes we bluntly say ‘no’ to God and neighbours by sinning against both, but later when we are in our quiet moments or when we come to our senses we regret for it and change our minds like the first son. In our personal lives too, at times due to human frailty and allurement of the world we stubbornly refuse to be converted or to yield to the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Later on we give a second thought to it and realize how obstinate and foolish we were in refusing the promptings of the Spirit. Then we turn back to God and begin once again to do his will. Sometimes when we are very angry with somebody, we blurt out rough, bad and threatening words. But later on we regret for behaving in that manner. When we realize our mistake, if we say sorry to such people we are like the first son of today’s parable.

Even the worst sinner, in spite of his/her obstinate persistence in sins, and frequent refusal to God’s grace in the past, can always change his/her mind and become a good person. The worst sin is the sin of hardness of hearts and refusing to be converted till the end of our lives. If a person has lost the sense of sin and does not think there is anything called ‘sin’ in this world, then where is the point of repentance? Though the Holy Spirit prompts him/her to admit his/her sins, he/she stubbornly shuts down his promptings. Jesus calls this type of sin, a blasphemy against the Holy Spirit (Mk 3:28) which can never be forgiven, because one who does not believe in sins does not feel the need of repentance till the end of one’s life. If there is no repentance, where is the question of forgiveness?

Like the second son, sometimes we say ‘yes’ and ‘yes’ in words, but they are only sweet words; we  do not keep them. It is like saying ‘yes’ with our lips and ‘no’ in our action. Some people who appear righteous, spiritual-minded and pious do not think that they also need to change. They blame their family/ community/ society/ organization/ system for all the problems, including their own failures. They think they are ok and others are not; hence others have to change. Like the scribes and Pharisees they do not feel the need to be converted at all times. According to Jesus, tax collectors and prostitutes who repent will enter into God’s Kingdom ahead of such people. They cannot enter into the Kingdom, or in plain language cannot experience the joy of God’s boundless love to a higher degree here on earth and to the fullest degree hereafter.

There are people in various fields who make a lot of promises like the second son but do not keep them. For example, when democratic nations go for elections, their politicians make so many promises to capture votes. But once they get elected they forget about those promises. In countries where corruption is high, some politicians make enough fortune for their future during their one term of office because they are afraid people may punish them for their failure to keep their promises by voting them out in the next election. Married people as well as priests make promises before God when they receive the sacraments particular to them, and the religious do the same when they profess their vows. If they fail in their fidelity, they become like the second son. All of us have made promises in our baptism to renounce evil and to live for God alone, but often we fail to keep them.

Today’s gospel-message reminds us that our fine words can never be a substitute for fine deeds. John writes in his First Letter: “Let us love not in word or speech, but in truth and action” (1Jn 3:18). It is a fact that children get influenced more by our example or deeds than by our words and oral instructions about what is right and what is wrong. That is why it is said, “Our actions speak louder than our words.” Again, one more saying also sounds so true in this context: “Values are not taught, but caught.” It is true that children/ students/ subjects catch moral, spiritual or social values from parents/ teachers/ superiors when they see them practising the values they teach with their words. For instance, if parents often tell their children not to fight among themselves, but children see their father and mother fighting openly, they fail to obey their words. When they observe them not practising what they teach, they lose respect for them. No respect, no obedience. When there is no obedience, parents, elders and teachers cry, “Gone are the days when children/students used to obey!” May be in olden days they used to obey out of fear; now if ever they obey, they will do so out of respect. And how respect is generated? Of course, by synchronizing our ‘audio’ with ‘video,’ that is, matching what they hear from us (when we teach and preach to them) with what they see in us – our personal example before them.             

This parable speaks about a change of mind twice: (1) the first son changed his mind (21:29) and went for work in spite of saying he will not; and (2)  the tax-collectors and prostitutes changed their mind and got converted but the Pharisees and the elders did not (21:32). This is what is meant by conversion – a change of mind, attitude or way of thinking. If we are always thinking negative and evil thoughts, our mind gets used to think negatively and wickedly; hence it gets programmed to that direction. It is something like an aeroplane which is fitted with an auto-pilot, that is, its engine is already programmed to run in a particular direction, speed and altitude. Unless the auto-pilot or programme is changed, it will run in the same way. Human mind also is like that. As Robin Sharma says, human mind is a wonderful servant, but a terrible master. If we do not discipline our mind and make it our servant by substituting every negative or evil thought with a positive or good thought, or change our way of thinking, our mind will become our master. Then it will become a terrible master and take us where we should not go.

Even Christian love (agape in Greek), which in the NT means primarily a concern for the good or welfare of others, is a decision of the mind to be made everyday. We need to decide to do good even to those who do not do any good to us or harm us. When our mind prompts us not to love such people, each time we need to decide to love by changing our mind just as the first son did according to today’s parable.

5.  Response to God's Word

Jesus challenges each one of us today with the opening words of this parable, “What do you think” (21:28)? Can both the sons inside us change their minds? What do you think? Do our worship, prayer and church attendance match our action and behaviour? We praise God with our lips and say that we shall do his will; in spite of it, do we follow the ways of the world? Do we give bad example to children or subordinates by not matching our words with our actions, and thus lose their respect as well as obedience? Are we not like the second son, if in meetings and discussions we speak beautiful words, make good decisions and produce thought-provoking reports, then go home and forget about them? Do we often fail to keep our promises?

6.  A prayer

O God of truth, grant that our ‘yes’ to you may not be only with our lips but also in our action. Save us from self-righteousness and hardness of heart so that we may always feel the need to repent and reform ourselves. We regret for the times we failed to keep our promises to you and to others. Give us the enlightenment, grace and courage to change our attitudes when needed. Amen.

 

Twenty-fifth Sunday of Ordinary Time (A)

 

Twenty-fifth Sunday of Ordinary Time (A) [Mt 20:1-16]

20.09.2026

The Parable of Labourers in the Vineyard

Readings: (1) Is 55:6-9 (2) Phil 1:20-24.27

1.    Theme in brief

 God’s generosity goes beyond justice

2.    Focus Statement  

God’s generosity, goodness and mercy towards us are unmeritorious; they go beyond strict justice and what we actually deserve.

3.  Explanation of the text

In the Parable of Labourers in the Vineyard, Jesus emphasizes that our vocation as well as salvation are gratuitous or free gifts from God, and have nothing to do with our merits. He sharply focuses on the generosity and goodness of God, or his gracious love for those who may not deserve it but are in need of it. In other words, God’s goodness and mercy towards us are unmeritorious. They not only go beyond what we deserve, but also beyond justice.

Originally, Jesus might have told this parable in answer to the following objection raised by the scribes and Pharisees: Instead of associating only with the respectable people in Jewish society he mixed freely with sinners and outcasts. In this parable Jesus compares the first-comers for work in the vineyard with the former and the late-comers with the latter. But Matthew applies this parable to mean Jewish Christians in his Church as first-comers and Gentile Christians as late-comers. Rightly projecting the mind of Jesus, Matthew wants to make it clear that those Christians who got converted from the chosen race (Israel) had no reason to feel superior to gentile or pagan converts; both had the same and equal status in the Church.

Just like the employer of this parable who gives equal wages to those who work for the whole day and those who come at the eleventh hour (one hour before closing) out of his generosity and compassion for the unemployed (20:8-9), God too does the same through his Son (Jesus). He gives tax-collectors and prostitutes who repent equal rank with the righteous in his Kingdom. This extraordinary generosity of the employer is emphasized very much by insisting that he goes in search of labourers at five different hours of the day: first early in the morning, then at 9 o’clock, at noontime, at 3 o’clock in the afternoon and at five o’clock in the evening – called the eleventh hour as per Jewish timing (20:1-6).

This employer’s arbitrary generosity shocks the early labourers, and the manner of his payment looks unusual. Nobody pays full wages to the eleventh-hour workers in the presence of early comers. In fact his conduct goes against all fair dealing. The employer holds on to his principle that he has done no injustice to the early labourers. Though some commentators have noted that those who are standing idle in the marketplace are lazy, it seems their idleness is not because of their laziness, but because nobody has employed them (20:7). In fact, he has done full justice in paying the agreed wage to the first-comers (20:13); hence they have no right to complain. With them he is just, whereas with others he is generous. It is up to him if he wants to be more generous to others. Does he not have the right to do what he chooses to do with what belongs to him (20:15)? Here he uses the standard of grace to deal with the week, instead of merit. The point is clear that God’s grace goes beyond human merits.

In Jesus’ days, the early labourers, who are shown as complainers or grumblers, were no other than the scribes and Pharisees who thought that God rewards strictly according to the merits they gained by meticulous observance of the Law of Moses. Here they are shown to be resentful at the generosity of the employer and envious of the late-comers. They may be thinking, since the late-comers do not deserve that much pay, it should be taken away from them. The extraordinary goodness of the employer pricks their eyes. In Greek language Matthew puts it this way: “Is your eye evil because I am good” (20:15)? The NSRV version of the Bible puts it this way: “Are you envious because I am generous?” Instead of rejoicing at the fortunes of others, they become so envious.

4.    Application to life                      

The details of today’s Parable of Labourers in the Vineyard are not meant for literal imitation in labour relations, business and administration of institutions. That would be absurd. Nobody hires labourers to work in one’s field or garden one hour before the working hours end, or gives first class certificate to failed students or those who come last in sports events. First of all, this parable invites us to reflect deeply on God’s generosity towards the undeserving. Here Jesus presents before us the picture of a God who loves not only the so-called respectable and pious people, but also late-comers, back-benchers, the undeserving, the underdogs, the unloved and the uncared for. He is a God whose mercy or compassion goes beyond human merits.

God is so generous that he goes after those who are left out or those who are not in the main stream, and not doing any useful work for the society (i.e. “standing idle in the marketplace”). When we reflect on our own call to Christian discipleship, or married state, or to religious life/priesthood, we realize that it is an act of God’s benevolence and mercy. Did we deserve to be called? Or let us think of all the things, gifts and blessings which we consider very personal. Do we deserve them? Are they not from God’s free bounty? When we work for God’s Kingdom, we should not always hanker for rewards. As God’s children, if we want to imitate of a little bit of God’s own generosity, there must be some moments in our life when we work for God’s Kingdom out of our generosity without seeking for any reward. But as humans, we expect rewards not only in terms of money, but also in terms of applause, appreciation, promotion and gifts. When these things do not come, we react in words and by withdrawing from that work.

God is still going to marketplaces continually inviting those who are too selfish to use their time and energies for the service of society, or those who do nothing even if they see so much suffering and so many needs in front of them, and those who do not make use of the opportunities available to them. He tells them: ‘‘You also go into the vineyard” (20:4, 7). Today, God uses the same words to the lay people in the Church to ensure their participation or involvement in the mission of Christ through their parish programs and activities, instead of taking this mission as monopoly of the clergy and the religious. But are we willing to sacrifice our time and energy for the mission of the Parish? This parable has a message for the religious and pastors of the Church also: “Do you actively promote participation and empowerment of the laity in the Church? Do you go to ‘marketplaces’ and tell them, ‘Why are you sitting idle? You also come and work in the Lord’s vineyard.”

We must recognize the fact that just as God is generous with us, he is generous with others too. As we are happy with his generosity with us, we should be happy when he is generous with others too. Then where is the room for becoming envious? Instead of becoming envious of others’ gifts, talents, blessings, goodness and possessions we should imitate God’s generosity towards others and glorify God for their gifts. In other words, we are invited to rejoice over God’s mercy towards the undeserving, instead of becoming envious of it. Only when we do this, envy and greed will go away. If they do not go, real peace will not come on earth.

This parable reminds us that God gives equal reward to the ‘old’ Christians and the ‘new’ Christians, to life-long virtuous people and life-long sinners who repent just at death-bed. Instead of becoming envious of God’s generosity, this parable invites us to imitate it. Actually, the early labourers were not complaining about the amount of money paid to them because they had agreed to work for that amount only (20:2); instead about the same amount paid to late-comers. Envious people think like this: “Not only what others possess should be ours, but also others should not possess at all what they have.” Therefore they want to take away what others have, and if that is not possible, they want to spoil or destroy it, especially by spreading rumours and gossiping about them.

Actually envy goes beyond hatred for one’s opponents. When we hate others we try to destroy what we find as evil in them; but when we are envious, we destroy what is good in others precisely because it pricks in our eyes. This is exactly what the employer says in this parable: “Are you envious because I am generous” (20:15)? That means we wish that God should be so generous that he should be very considerate to our weaknesses, failures and defects only and not of others. When envy reaches its heights, people perpetually compare what others have with what they do not – a big bungalow, latest brand of motor vehicle and cell phone, fancy garments, high level friends, higher posts, better payment, etc. They themselves do not lift a finger to render a service to the society or the Church, but are envious of those who do a good service. Envy might dictate its terms to the clergy and the religious also. It might prompt them to grumble like this: “Unworthy and unqualified people are given so high posts in the Church (diocese) or religious congregation (Province), and I, though better qualified and deserving, am not considered or sidetracked.” Probably what they want is to sit on somebody else’s chair or seat, which they think should have been theirs.

Further, this parable teaches us that justice alone, though an important requirement to be a citizen of the society of God’s love (that is, the Kingdom of God), is not enough. God’s love goes beyond justice; so should our love go, at least occasionally. Sometimes pious and respectable Christians may grumble if the parish or its leaders spend more time and money to uplift the poor and the underprivileged. The same thing may happen when the Church or parish goes out to serve people of other faiths. These respectable Christians may grumble or complain saying that non-Christians do not support the Church in words, deeds and through financial contributions; hence they do not deserve the Church’s services or aid. In some local Churches we observe tensions between old and new Christians, high caste/class and low caste/class Christians, practising Christians and non-practising ones (whom they call ‘nominal’ Christians), local Christians and late settlers or migrants (whom they call ‘outsiders’). The former ones feel superior to the latter ones and expect a better treatment, more privileges and special honour. Sometimes those who donate a lot of money to the Church or for its charitable projects or for construction of churches and chapels expect that they should get first class treatment. If God himself has no favourites, why should we expect a ‘most favoured’ status?

5.    Response to God's Word

In imitation of a little bit of God’s own generosity, do we sometimes render services out of our generosity even if we are not rewarded for it in terms of applause, appreciation, promotion, money or gifts? How do we respond to God’s call: ‘‘You also go into my vineyard?” Are we envious of others’ gifts, talents, blessings and possessions? Do we engage in spreading rumours and gossiping against those whom we envy? Do we hanker for a special treatment and expect a ‘most favoured’ status in the Church or our community because of our position or contributions? Do we present ourselves before others as regular grumblers and complainers about the better privileges and positions of others?

6.    A prayer

We praise you Lord for your generosity towards the undeserving. Your mercy or compassion goes beyond human merits. You are so generous that you go after those who are left out and are not in the main stream of life. Grant that we may imitate your infinite generosity by serving occasionally without seeking for any reward and overcome with your grace our feelings of envy about the goodness or fortunes of others. Amen.